1.—Alison, how long have you been skating? 爱丽森,你滑冰多长时间了?
—I’ve been skating for five hours. 我已经滑冰5个小时了。
(1)how long是用来提问时间长短或距离长短的特殊疑问词。
How long do you read English every day?
你每天读英语用多长时间?
How long is the street?
这条街多长?
(2)for与表示一段时间的词组连用,常用于现在完成时,表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。for所在句子中的动词是延续性动词。如:
I’ve lived in China for two years.
我在中国住了两年了。
I’ve known him for more than twenty years.
我认识他20多年了。
(3)have been doing是现在完成进行时态,表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作,这动作可能仍然在进行。如:
What books have you been reading these days?
这些天你都在看些什么书?
I have been sitting here all afternoon.
我在这坐了一下午了。
2.How long have you been in class today? 今天你上了多久的课?
been是系动词be的过去分词形式。be有多种形式:一般现在时态形式是am, is, are,过去式是was, were, 现在分词形式是being。
have been in… 在……多长时间了
I have been in the cinema for three hours.
我在电影院里待了3个小时。
辨析:have been in, have gone to 与have been to
三者都是现在完成时态,“have been to+地点”表示去过某处,现在已经回来,不在那里了;而“have gone to+地点”则表示到某处去了,现在还没有回来,可能在去的途中,也可能在那里或返回的途中;“have been in+地点”表示某人在某处待了多长时间。试比较:
He has been to Beijing. 他去过北京。(现在不在北京)
He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。(现在在北京或在途中)
He has been in Beijing for two years. 他在北京两年了。
3.since I was seven years old… 自从我7岁时起……
since可以作连词,后面跟表示时间的从句,表示“自从某个动作发生以来”,从句的时态用一般过去时,而且动词是非延续性动词,但主句动词一定是延续性动词。此外,since+表示过去某一时刻的词或词组,也常用于现在完成时,表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。
Where have you been since I last saw you?
自从上次我和你见面之后,你去哪儿了?
It’s just a week since we arrived here.
我们到了这儿刚好一个星期。
The teacher has taught here since he left school.
这位老师毕业以来一直在此任教。
since还可作介词,后接时间段,引导时间状语。如:
He has lived here since 2000.
自从2000年以来他就一直住在这儿。
She has studied English since three years ago.
她自从3年前就开始学习英语。
since 还可引导原因状语从句,通常位于句首,意为“既然,由于”。如:
Since I have no money, I can’t buy a new car.
由于我没有钱,没法买新车。
辨析:since与for
(1)for表示动作持续一段时间,可用于过去、现在、将来时态及完成进行时态中。如:
We stayed there for three days.
我们在那里待了3天。
The Christmas holidays last for a month every year.
每年圣诞假期持续1个月。
We’ll be away for the next ten days.
从现在起我们要离开10天。
I have been studying in this school for five years.
我在这所学校一直学习了5年。
(2)for也可以用于过去完成时的句子里,表示动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直持续到过去另一时刻。如:
John had lived in Paris for ten years when I met him.
当我见到约翰时,他在巴黎已住了10年了。
(3)since着眼于动作在过去某一时刻开始,持续到说话时,因此since后面要与时间的某个点连在一起,不能和表示一段时间的短语连用,如不能说since six months, 而可以说since six months ago。如:
He’s lived here since he was born.
他出生以来一直住在这里。
Mr. Hu has been teaching here since 1982.
自1982年以来,胡老师一直在这里教书。
(4)当since和for与完成时态连用时,两个词容易混淆。for强调动作延续的时间。since强调动作是什么时候开始的。如:
She has been in the U. S. A. for six years.
她在美国已经6年了。(强调时间的过程)
She has been in the U. S. A. since six years ago.
从6年前到现在她一直住在美国。(强调时间的点)
4.I’m talking to you from the Hilltop School Skating Marathon. Here, students are skating to raise money for charity.
我正在山顶中学滑冰马拉松比赛现场向你报道。这儿学生们正在为兹善机构募捐而滑冰。
raise的用法:
(1)([同]lift)举起;拾起。如:raise one’s hand 举手;raise a weight 举重
(2)([同]bring up)养育,饲养;种植。如:raise a family 养家;raise sheep 养羊
(3)([同]set up)建立;竖起。如:raise a monument 建纪念碑
(4)提高,升高。如:raise prices 涨价;raise one’s voice 提高声音
(5)征收,招募,筹集。如:raise money 募捐
句中to raise money for charity 作状语,表示目的。动词不定式作状语,在句中可用来表示目的、结果、原因等。如:
She got up early to catch the train (= in order to/ so as to catch the train).
她早早起床是为了赶火车。(表示目的)
I called her to give her my best wishes (= in order to/so as to give her my best wishes).
我给她打电话的目的是问候她。(表示目的)
He was too excited to speak.
他兴奋得讲不出话来。(表示结果)
I’m pleased to see you again.
我真高兴又见到你。(表示原因)
5.For every hour they skate, each student raises ten yuan for charity.
他们每滑冰1个小时,每个学生就为慈善机构募捐10元。
辨析:every与each
两者都有“每个”的意思,但用法不同:
(1)each具有名词和形容词的功能,every只有形容词的功能。
(2)each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every是指三个以上的人或事物的“全体”,和all的意思相近。如:
He gave a book to each of his parents.
他给他父母各送了一本书。
Every comrade was there and each did his work.
每个同志都在那儿,各人做各人的工作。
(3)every总是修饰单数名词,后接单数动词。
Every man and woman knows that.
每个男人和女人都知道那事。
(4)each作为形容词,修饰单数名词,接单数动词。作为代词,单独使用,接单数动词;放在复数名词和代词后作同位语,接复数动词。each of them后可接单数或复数动词。如:
Each man carries his own bag. (修饰单数名词)各人背自己的包。
We each have our own office. (作We的同位语)我们各有各的办公室。
Each carries his own bag. (代词)各人背自己的包。
Each of them are/is here. (代词)他们每个人都在这儿。
(5)代表each和every的物主代词可以用his, 也可以用their。如:
Each carried their/his own bag. 各人背他们/他自己的包。
6.Lu Ning has been skating for four hours too, and Li Chen just started an hour ago.
鲁宁也滑冰4个小时了,李晨在1个小时以前才开始。
辨析:ago与before
两者都有“以前”的意思。
(1)ago表示从现在算起一段面时间“以前”,和动词的一般过去式连用,放在所修饰词的后面。如:
I knew him many years ago.
我在很多年以前就认识他。
Long long ago, there were quite a lot of trees on the hill.
很久很久以前,山上有许多树木。
(2)before 则用于表示从过去某时算起若干时间以前,通常与完成时连用。如:
I’ve never heard of her before.
我以前从未听说过她。
He told me he had finished his composition a day before.
他告诉我他一天前写完了作文。
注意:
ago和before的前面也可以跟具体的时间,表示“多少时间之前”。如:three months ago/before
“三个月之前”;a year ago/before“一年以前”等。此外,before 也可以用作介词和连词,表示位置或时间。
They are sitting before me.
他们正坐在我的前面。
They mustn’t drink wine before they reach 20.
他们在20岁之前,禁止饮酒。
7.Three and a half years. 3年半了。
含有half的表达方式:

three and a half years=three years and a half 三年半
8.would like to collect… 我想收集……
(1)collect vt. 收集,搜集,收藏。如:collect stamps 收集邮票
vi. 聚集,堆集。如:Clouds are collecting. 云聚扰起来了。
collect 的名词形式是collection, 表示人的名词是collector。如:
He is a great collector. 他是一位伟大的收藏家。
(2)would like较多地用于陈述句,表示“想要”,相当于want,但语气要比want委婉。一般可用would like sth., would like to do sth. 和would like sb. to do sth.; 主语是第一人称时would也可以用should。would和should通常和主语缩写成’d的形式。如:
I’d like some pop. 我想喝点汽水。
He’d like to come and see you. 他想来看你。
9.Thanks for sending me the snow globe of the monster.
谢谢你寄给我这个怪物冰雪球。
thanks for n. /v.–ing… 因……而表示感谢
Thanks for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
Thanks for helping me study English.
谢谢你帮助我学习英语。
Thank you for sending me such a nice present.
谢谢你寄给我这么好的礼物。
10.My mom says I have to stop, because we’ve run out of room to store them.
我妈妈说我必须停止收藏,因为我们已经没有地方放它们了。
(1)room在这里是不可数名词,意思是“空间,地方”,相当于space。如:
Is there enough room/space for me in the car?
汽车里还有我坐的地方吗?
make room for sb. /sth. 让出空地方给某人/某物。如:
Can you make room on that shelf for more books?
你能在那个架子上腾出地方再放些书吗?
room还可用作可数名词,意思是“室,房间”。如:
He is in the next room. 他在隔壁房间。
He lives at Room 124. 他住在124房间。
(2)run out of 用完,用尽
They have run out of ink. 他们用完墨水了。
辨析:run out与run out of
①run out“用完了”,其主语通常为时间、食物、金钱等名词。如:
His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花完了。
②run out of“用完了”,表示主动含义,主语一般是人。如:
He is always running out of money before payday.
他老是发工资的日子还没到就把钱花完了。
11.I particularly love globes with animals. 我特别喜欢带有动物的冰雪球。
with用法小结
(1)介词with的含义很多,在本句中是“具有,带有”的意思,另外还有“和……一起”、“在……一边,与……一致”、“在……身上,在……身边”等意思。如:
A woman with two children was seen walking down the road.
有人看见一位妇女和两个孩子朝路那边走去。
I agree with you there. 在那一点上我和你意见一致。
Take an umbrella with you. 随身带把伞去。
With these words he left the room. 他说着这些话就离开了房间。
Things go well with us. 我们事事顺利。
(2)with介词短语还可以在句中作状语,表示句子中动作的一个伴随情况。如:
With a medicine box under her arm, Miss Zhao hurried off to look after the man.
胳膊下面夹着一个药箱子,赵小姐匆匆离开去照看那个人了。
I like sleeping with windows open at night.
晚上我喜欢开着窗户睡觉。
The women are walking along the streets with babies on their backs.
这些女人背上背着孩子,在大街上走着。
(3)with还有“用,关于”之意。
The boy is writing with a pencil.
小男孩正用铅笔写字。
Don’t be angry with that old man.
不要生那位老人的气。
12.If you know anyone else who collects them, please tell me.
如果你认识其他收集冰雪球的人,请告诉我。
else adj. & adv. 其他的;别的
(1)else用作形容词,常接在疑问代词、不定代词之后。如:
What else did your father say?
你爸还说了些什么?
Can I do anything else for you?
我还能为你做点别的什么吗?
I have something else to tell you.
我还有别的事情要告诉你。
(2)else用作副词,常接在疑问副词之后。如:
When else shall we go, if you are busy tomorrow?
假如你明天没空,那我们另外什么时间再去呢?
(3)常见的else与不定代词和疑问词的组合有:
something else, anything else, nothing else, everything else, someone else, anybody else, nobody
else, no one else, everybody else, somewhere else, anywhere else, who else, what else, where else,
whose else (= who else’s)。另外有or else, 其意思是“否则”。
辨析:else与other
else与other意思接近,但other是形容词,用于名词前;而else则位于不定代词或疑问代词、疑问副词之后。如:
There is nothing else left.
没剩下别的东西。
Do you have any other question to ask?
你还有什么别的问题要问吗?
13.By the way, what’s your hobby? 顺便问一下,你的爱好是什么?
by the way 顺便问一下(插入语)
By the way, where is the hospital? 顺便问一下,医院在哪儿?
拓展:
all the way 一路上;完全地,无保留地
by way of 通过……方法(形式)
on one’s way to 在某人去……的路上
on the way 在途中
show sb. the way 给某人指路(带路)
This way, please. 请走这边。
14.The school newspaper needs a writer. 校报需要一名撰稿人。
need vt. 意思是“需要”,后接名词表示“需要什么东西;需要做某事”,有两种形式:
(1)need doing; (2)need to do。两者的区别是,当主语是人时,表示“某人需要做某事”用need to do sth. ; 当主语是物时,用need doing sth.。如:
I need a bike. 我需要一辆自行车。
Do you need your dictionary? 你需要你的词典吗?
I need to have a rest. 我需要休息。(主语是人,用need to do)
Our classroom needs cleaning every day. = Our classroom needs to be cleaned every day.
我们的教室需要每天打扫。(主语“教室”是物,用need doing相当于need to be done)
注意:
need也可用作情态动词,用于疑问句和否定句,表示“需要”,后面跟动词原形,没有人称和数的变化。
You needn’t go home for lunch. 你不需要回家吃午饭。
Need they come into the room? 他们需要到房间里来吗?
He needn’t answer the question. 他不需要回答这个问题。
考点点拨:need 的主要检测点在于判定它是实义动词还是情态动词。