复习要点阐述
今天我们复习状语从句,我们主要复习如下的内容:
1.时间状语从句
2.地点状语从句
3.原因状语从句
4.目的状语从句
5.结果状语从句
6.条件状语从句
7.让步状语从句
8.比较状语从句
9.方式状语从句
要点复习的策略及技巧
英语中状语与中文的状语大致相同,分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式等等。如果一个主从复合句中的从句是用来表示时间,原因等等时,那就称为状语从句。
在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等的从句叫做状语从句,又由于其功能与副词非常相近,又称做副词性从句。状语从句一般可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句和方式状语从句九种。
(一)时间状语从句
在句子中起时间状语作用的句子称为时间状语从句。时间状语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾。
常用来引导时间状语从句的引导词有:
when 当……时候
while 当……时候
as 当……时候、一边
after 在……之后
before 在……之前
since 自从
ever since 自从
once 一……就……
whenever 不管什么时候
by the time 到……
as long as 长达……
instantly 一……就……(这个连接词有的教材中没有出现,可以见识一下)
as soon as 一……就……
no sooner…than 一……就……
hardly…when… 一……就……
till 直到
until 直到
1.when,while,as的用法
从属连词when,while,as都可用来引导时间状语从句,意为“在……时候”。但在具体用法上又不尽相同。
(1)这三个连词中,when用得最广,常可代替while与as。与while相比,when引导的从句动词既可是延续性的,也可是终止性的。as在这一点上与when相同,while所引导的从句中,动词只能是延续性的。在初中阶段,我们几乎很少讲as引导时间状语从句。是因为as在初中阶段是一种供了解性的内容。
e.g.When the fire broke out, all the students were sleeping soundly.(终止性的)
当火灾发生时,所有的学生正在熟睡中。
The telephone rang while I was taking a bath.(延续性的)
我在洗澡时电话响了。
(2)当两个表示时间延续的动作同时发生而又具有对比意味时用while,在这样的复合句中,主从句的时态通常是相同的。
e.g.Father was preparing a report while I was playing PC games.
爸爸在准备一个报告,我在玩计算机游戏。
While I played the guitar, my sister did her homework.
我在弹吉他,姐姐在做功课。
(3)表述两个发展变化中的情况时常用as。
e.g.As he talked on, he got more and more excited.
他越谈越激动。
As you grow older, you’ll know better and better about yourself.
随着年龄的增长,你会越来越了解你自己。
(4)表示“一边……一边……”时,常用as。
e.g.As he was reading, he was shaking his head, which surely slowed down his reading speed.
他边读书边摇着头,这当然降低了他的阅读速度。
They talked as they walked around the park.
他们边在公园里散步边说话。
表示随着短暂动作的发生,另一行为伴随发生,这时常用as。
e.g.My cap was blown away as I stood up.
我站起来时帽子被吹走了。
特别提示:
在时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表示—般将来时,用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
e.g.When you get there, ring me up.
你到达那儿后,给我来个电话。
Don’t forget to bring your camera here when you come.
当你来时别忘了带相机。
He will call you when he gets to Beijing.
他到达北京后会给你打电话的。
2.until/till的用法
这两个词几乎可以毫无区别地运用。
(1)until/till指的是某一延续性行为持续到某一时间点,主句动词为终止性动词时需要用否定形式。构成否定形式时中文意思是“直到……才……”。
e.g.I’ll wait until/till the concert is over.
我会一直等到音乐会结束。
I didn’t know anything about it until you told me.
直到你告诉我我才知道关于这事的情况。
(2)延续性动词的否定式则表示到某一时间点某一延续性行为才开始。
e.g.Until the manager returns, anything can’t be done.
直到经理回来我们才能做。
(3)用于句首时常用until。
e.g.Until supper time I didn’t go out yesterday.
昨天直到晚饭时间我都没有出去。
注:这里until引导的是短语。
注意:not until放于句首时,主句的主语和谓语应倒装。
e.g.Not until all the fish had died did the farmers realize how serious the pollution was.
直到河里的鱼都死了农民们才意识到污染的严重性。
Not until he finished his homework, did he go home.
直到完成作业他才回家。
3.since的用法
(1)since表示自某一点时间以来,常用于完成时态或完成进行时态,表示动作的延续和频率。在强调语意时since前可加ever。主句可以用延续性动词,也可用非延续性动词,用非延续性动词时必须强调动作的频率或多次、多个。
e.g.Great changes have taken place since you left this city.
自你离开这座城市以来,发生了很多变化。
I have returned home twice since I settled down in the States.
自从我定居美国以来回过两次家。
They have been living very happily ever since they got married.
自他们结婚以来他们过着幸福的生活。
(2)since引导的从句中,如若是延续性动词,往往理解为该延续性动词动作的结束。
e.g.He has written to me since he was ill.
自从病好以来,他经常给我来信。
(3)It is… since…和It has been… since…
这两者几乎可以互用,不过口语中常用前者。
e.g.It is/has been a few years since we last met.
自上次见面以来我们已有多年没见面了。
It’s/has been a long time since Mary was ill.
玛丽病好了很长时间了。
It seems/feels a long time since we parted.
自从我们分手似乎很长时间了。
特别提示
since和ever since可以用作副词,意为“自那以来“。ever since更加强调“某一动作或状态一直……”,它所修饰的主句谓语动词不能为终止性动词。
e.g.I graduated from that school 10 years ago. I haven’t been there ever since.(√)
我是十年前从那所学校毕业的,自那以来我没去过那里。
4.before的用法
一般情况下before表示“在……之前”,有时译为“……之后才;没来得及……就……”。
e.g.I must finish this letter before I go home.
我必须在回家以前写完这封信。
All the birds flew away before I started to fire.
在我开枪之前所有的鸟都飞走了。
特别提示
before引导的时间状语从句、修饰的主句时态可用一般过去时或过去完成时。
e.g.The train already left before I arrived.
我到之前火车已经开走了。
I hadn’t walked far before I lost my way.
我没走多远便迷了路。
名词短语引导时间状语从句
表示时间的名词短语有时也可以引导时间状语从句。常用的这类名词短语有:
the time 那时
the moment 一……就……
the minute 一……就……
the day 那天
the year 那年
the first time 第一次
the second time 第二次
by the time 到……时候
each time 每一次
every time 每一次
next time 下一次
any time 任何时候
这些短语引导状语从句时,习惯上不在后面加when等连接词。
e.g.The day he returned home, his father was already dead.
他到家的那天,他父亲就已经去世了。
Every time I see him, he is working hard.
我每次见到他,他都在拼命地工作。
He was much better the last time I saw him.
上次我见到他,他好多了。
By the time he was taken to the hospital, he was nearly dead.
他被送往医院时,就已经生命垂危了。
5.by the time的用法
这个词组常用来指到某一点时间为止,主句常用完成时态。
e.g.By the time he was 12, he had traveled to more than 30 countries to get his diseases cured.
到12岁为止,他已去过三十多个国家治病。
By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years.
到明年毕业时,我就在这里呆了五年了。
注意:如若主句是be的系表形式或像know等表示“认知”的延续性动词,则往往用一般时态,不用完成时态。
e.g.By the time he went abroad, he was fourteen.
出国那年他14岁。
6.as soon as
as soon as表示“一……就……”。由as soon as引导的从句需用一般时态代替将来时态。
e.g.As soon as he heard the news, he jumped with joy.
他一听到消息就高兴地跳了起来。
I’ll give you an answer as soon as I’ve finished reading your file.
我一读完你的档案就给你答复。
As soon as you feel any pains, you must go to the doctor.
你一感觉不舒适就要去看医生。
(二)地点状语从句
在句中作地点状语的从句称为地点状语从句,可置于句首、句中或句尾。
引导地点状语从句的常用引导词有where,wherever等。地点状语从句相当于to/in/from the place(s) where…或in/to/from any place where…结构。
e.g.We 1ive where the road crosses the river.
我们住在河流与街道交叉的地方。
Make marks wherever you have questions.
在任何有问题的地方做出标记。
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者事竟成。
(三)原因状语从句
在句中作原因状语的从句称为原因状语从句。原因状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾。引导原因状语从句的常用词可分为两类:单词引导词和短语引导词。单词引导词主要有because,as,since等,短语引导词主要有now that,for the reason that,in that,seeing that等。
1.because,as,since的用法
这三个词都有“因为”之意,但用法和具体内涵各异。
(1)because语气最强,常用以回答why引起的提问,可表示已知或未知的事实。它可和强调词only,merely,just及否定词not连用,所引导的从句常位于主句之后,只有强调时才置于主句之前。
e.g.He was absent from school because he was ill.
他病了,没上学。
He was punished only because he broke the law.
他就是因为违犯了法律才受到惩罚。
(2)as语气最弱,较口语化,所表达的原因比较明显,或是已知的事实,故不需要强调。as从句多置于主句之前。
e.g.As he was in a hurry, he left this bag home.
由于他太匆忙了,把包丢在家里了。
As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut.
由于那是一个公共假日,所有的商店都关门了。
(3)since的语气也较弱,常表示对方已知的事实,可译为“既然”。它和as一样,其前不可用强调词和not,亦不可用于强调结构。
e.g.Since everyone makes mistakes, you shouldn’t always criticize him.
既然每个人都犯错误,你不应老是批评他。
Since she can’t answer this question, it’s better to ask someone else.
既然她不会回答这个问题,你最好还是另找一个人。
特别提示
for和上述三个从属连词不同,它是一个等立连词,即连接并列句。它有时可用来作附加说明。一般for引起的句子位于句尾。
e.g.We should be more careful, for it is already dark.
天已晚了,我们应更小心些。
Let’s stay home, for it’s raining hard outside.
我们呆在家里吧,外面正下着大雨。
2.now that的用法
now that主要用于口语,表示微弱的原因,主、从句的因果关系不明显。常译为“既然”。that有时可以省略。
e.g.Now (that) you understand, I don’t need to explain again.
既然你已明白,我没有必要再解释一遍。
Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.
既然你长大了,就不应该再依靠你的父母了。
Now (that) he is well again, he can go on with his English study.
既然他恢复了健康,就可以继续学习英语了。
(四)目的状语从句
在句中作目的状语的从句称为目的状语从句。目的状语从句可置于句首、句中或句尾。常用来引导目的状语从句的词有so that,in order that,in case等。
1.in order that,so that的用法
in order that常用于正式文体,可置于句首,也可置于句尾,而so that往往只置于句尾,但也有置于句首的,so that短语中有时可省略that。
e.g.I hurried through my work in order that I could be in time for wonderful TV programmes.
我匆匆完成我的工作以便能及时看到精彩的电视节目。
So that everyone will notice her, she dresses like an angel.
为了让所有的人都注意她,她穿得像天使。
Speak louder so (that) the people in the hall can all hear you.
大声点讲,以便大厅里的人都能听清。
特别提示:
在目的状语从句中常常有情态动词may/might/will/would/shall/should/can/could等。
e.g.Take this medicine so that you can recover soon.
吃这种药,以便康复得更快。
She spoke very slowly in order that we could follow her.
她讲话很慢,以便我们大家都能跟上。
2.in case的用法
in case意为“目的是,以防、以免”。
e.g.Take a hat with you in case the weather is very hot.
随身带一顶帽子,以防天气很热。
I stayed all day at home in case you called.
我整天呆在家里以防你打电话来。
(五)结果状语从句
在句子中作结果状语的从句称为结果状语从句。结果状语从句一般置于句尾。其引导词或短语常见的有that,so,so that,such that,so…that…,such...that…等。
1.so that的用法
so that既可引导目的状语从句也可引导结果状语从句,在引导目的状语从句时,从句中往往跟can/could/may/might/will/would/shall/should等情态动词连用,而结果状语从句中类似的情态动词则很少出现。引导结果状语从句时,有时其中的that可省略。
e.g.We arrived early in the morning, so (that) we caught the first train.
我们早上到得很早,所以赶上了首列火车。
We moved to the country so that we were away from the noisy and dull city.
我们搬到了乡下,所以我们远离了吵闹、单调的城市。
2.so…that…的用法
so…that…的常用句型有四种,口语中that经常省略。
(1)so+形容词+that…
e.g.The text was so boring (that) I gave up reading it half way through.
这本书真枯燥,我读到一半便放弃了。
(2)so+副词+that…
e.g.He drove so carelessly that he almost lost his life.
他开车太粗心,差点丧了命。
(3)so many/few/much/little+相应形式的名词+that…
e.g.He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare money.
他工资很少,他的家人不得不靠救济金生活。
He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam once again.
他出了这么多错,考试又没及格。
(4)so+形容词词+a/an+单数名词+that…
e.g.It is so easy a question that I can work it out immediately.
这道题如此简单,以致于我马上就能做出来。
3.such…that…的用法
常用句型有四种,口语中that经常省略。
(1)such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+that…
e.g.It was such a terrible day (that) none of us would find an excuse for going out to play.
今天天气太糟了,我们没有任何理由出去玩了。
Miss Zhao is such a kind teacher that we all like her.
赵老师是如此慈爱,我们都喜欢她。
(2)such+形容词+可数名词复数+that…
e.g.They are such good children that we all love them.
这些孩子如此好,我们都很喜欢。
(3)such+形容词+不可数名词+that…
e.g.This was such fine music that it was worth listening to twice.
这音乐太好了值得听两遍。
We had such bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
天气这么糟,我们不能出去玩。
特别提示
so/such引导结果状语从句放于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。
为了强调形容词或副词,so/such…that…引导的结果状语中可把so/such…置于句首,主句用倒装语序。
e.g.So excited was he that he could not fall into sleep.
他激动得不能入睡。
Such was his worry that he couldn’t go on with his work.
他如此担忧以致不能继续上班了。
(六)条件状语从句
在句子中作条件状语的从句称为条件状语从句。条件状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾,有时还可置于主语和谓语之间。引导条件状语从句的常用引导词为if,unless,as/so long as,once,in case等。
e.g.If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
如果明天下雪,我们就堆雪人。
You’ll be late again unless you hurry.
如若不快点你就又要迟到了。
As/So long as you promise to come, I’ll wait for you until you come.
只要你答应来,我就等到你来。
In case it rains, do not expect me.
如若下雨,就不要等我了。
特别提示:
在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时;一般过去时代替过去将来时。
e.g.If the weather is terrible next week, we’ll put off the summer camp.
如果下周天气不好,我们会推迟夏令营活动。
Father told me if I worked hard he would buy me a special gift.
爸爸告诉我如果我学习努力他会给我买一件特殊的礼物。
(七)让步状语从句
在句子中作让步状语的从句称为让步状语从句。让步状语从句可置于句首,也可置于句尾。
让步状语从句通常由though,although,even though,even if,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever,whosever,whenever,wherever,however,no matter who/what…等引导。
1.though/although的用法
这两个词几乎完全相同,though比although通俗,两者通常互换使用。
though/although引导让步状语从句时,主句如若用yet或still引出,更加强调对比性,但不可用but。在as though,even though固定短语中,一般不可用although代替。另外though还可以作副词用,一般位于句尾。
e.g.Although/Though she works very hard, (yet) she makes very slow progress.
尽管她努力了,但还是进步不快。
I’ve a bit of headache. It’s nothing much, though.
我有一点头痛,不过并不厉害。
2.even though/even if的用法
这两个短语表示语气更强的让步,常常译为“即使”。
e.g.Even though the learning is slow and painful, the result is wonderful.
学习尽管是缓慢而艰苦的,但结果是美好的。
Even though/Even if you say so, I do not believe it.
即使你这么说,我也不信。
3.wh-ever类的用法
在英语中wh-ever可作问句的疑问词,也可引导名词性从句,还可引导让步状语从句。一般没有whyever和whetherever的形式。wh-ever词在引导让步状语从句时常可换成“no matter+相应的wh-词”,在引导名词性从句时只能用wh-ever。
e.g.Whenever I’m unhappy, it is my friend who cheers me up.(=No matter when I’m unhappy, it is my friend who cheers me up.)
不管什么时候我不高兴,总是我的朋友使我快乐起来。
I’ll wait for you however late it is.(=I’ll wait for you no matter how late it is.)
不管有多晚我都会等着你。
(八)比较状语从句
在句子中作比较状语的从句称为比较状语从句。比较状语从句一般位于句尾。比较状语从句常用as,than等连接词引导。“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”结构也可引导比较状语从句。
同级比较的用法
同级比较常用as…as…结构。
e.g.There are as many people in our town as (there are) in your town.
我们镇的人口和你们镇的人口一样多。
He speaks English as well as you do.
他英语说得和你一样好。
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.
他醒来和入睡一样突然。
不同级比较
不同级比较常用not as/so…as…结构。
e.g.His handwriting is not as good as yours (is).
他的书法不如你的好。
He doesn’t speak English as well as you do.
他英语说得不如你好。
差级或高级比较
差级或高级比较常用…than…结构。
e.g.He was more successful than we had expected.
他比我们想象的要成功得多。
He can earn no more money than you can.
他挣得钱不如你挣得钱多。
He comes to the club less often than he used to this month.
他这个月到俱乐部不如原来去得经常。
比较关系的状语从句
比较关系的状语从句常用“the+比较级…,the+比较级”结构。
e.g.The less you want, the happier you will be.
你想得到的越少,你就会越快乐。
The sooner you are back, the better it will be.
你回来得越早越好。
The fewer members there are, the more easily you can join the club.
人越少加入俱乐部就越容易。
(九)方式状语从句
在句子中作方式状语的从句称为方式状语从句。方式状语从句一般位于句尾,有时位于句中。常用的引导词有as,as if,as though,the way等。
1.as的用法
as可表示“正如”、“像……”。
e.g.Will you please do the experiment as I am doing?
请按我做的方法做这个实验好吗?
Leave the children as they are.
让孩子们自由随便,不要管他们。
注意:
在美国英语中表示“像……”且后跟句子时,as与like有混用的现象。
e.g.You should do like/as I do.
你应像我做的那样去做。
Do you make bread like/as you make cakes?
你做的面包的方法是不是和做蛋糕一样?
2.as if/as though的用法
(1)这两个连接词引导的方式状语从句所表示的情况是事实或具有很大可能性时,通常用陈述语气。
e.g.She looked a bit strange, as if she knew something.
她看上去有些怪,好象她知道些什么。
He is a happy-go-lucky man as if he has no worries and cares in the world.
他是一个很快活的人,似乎无忧无虑。
(2)方式状语从句所表示的情况不是事实,而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻,通常用虚拟语气。表示现在的情况用过去时,表示过去的情况用过去完成时。
e.g.The injured man acted as if nothing had happened to him.
这个受伤的男子行动起来似乎什么没发生似的。
Everything in my childhood crowded upon in my mind as if they had just happened.
童年发生的一切都涌入我的脑海中,仿佛就像刚刚发生的一样。
用法比较:
as if引导的同一从句所用时态不同,意思也不同。
e.g.The boss speaks aloud as if he is angry.
老板大声说着话仿佛他生气了。(他可能真的生气了。)
The boss speaks aloud as if he were angry.
老板大声说着话就像生气了似的。
(可能他个人说话就这个特点,其实他并没生气。)