1. poem n. 诗；韵文；诗体文
e.g.write/compose poems 写/作诗
poetry n. 诗（总称）；诗意
e.g.a poetry book 诗集
a poetry reading 诗歌朗诵会
lyric/dramatic poetry 抒情诗/戏剧诗
poet n. 诗人
[课文原句]：Do you remember any little poems you used in games in the playground when you were a child?
2. recite vi. & vt. 背诵；叙述
e.g.recite a speech from “Hamlet” to the class
向班上同学背诵《哈姆雷特》中的一段话
recite the names of all the European capitals
一一说出欧洲各国首都的名称
[课文原句]：Can you recite any?
3. aspect n. （问题的）方面；样子；外表
e.g.look at every aspect of the problem
看这个问题的各个方面
a man of enormous size and terrifying aspect
面目狰狞的彪形大汉
[课文原句]：Which poem describes an aspect of a season?
4. convey vt. 传达；运送
e.g.This train conveys both passengers and goods.
这列火车既载人又载货。
a poem that perfectly conveys to the reader the poet’s feelings
向阅读者充分地表达出诗人思想感情的诗篇
Words cannot convey how delighted I was.
言辞无法表达我内心的喜悦。
Please convey my good wishes to your mother.
请向您母亲转达我的祝愿。
[课文原句]：Others try to convey certain emotions.
5. underline vt. 在（词等）下面划线；强调
e.g.Please underline the words which are right.
请把正确的单词划上线。
[课文原句]：Pay attention to the underlined parts.
6. hush n. & vi. & vt.（使）某人安静下来；安静下来；安静，寂静
e.g.Hush! 肃静！（Be quiet!）
He hushed the baby to sleep.
他把婴儿哄得安然入睡。
in the hush of the night 在夜的寂静中
There was a sudden deathly hush.
突然间周围像死一般寂静。
常用搭配：hush sth. up 防止某事物（尤指丑闻）张扬出去
e.g.The government hushed the affair up to avoid a public outcry.
当局对此事秘而不宣，以免引起公众抗议。
[课文原句]：Hush, little baby, don’t say a word.
7. tease n. &vi. & vt. 取笑；招惹；戏弄
e.g.Don’t take what she said seriously---she was only teasing.
别拿她的话当真——她不过是戏弄人。
The other boys used to tease him because of his accent.
别的男孩子常拿他的口音取笑他。
What a tease she is!
她可真爱取笑别人！
[课文原句]：
Brother
Beautiful, athletic
Teasing, shouting, laughing
Friend and enemy too
Mine
8. droop vi. 低垂；凋萎；委靡
e.g.Her head drooped sadly.
她悲伤地低着头。
His spirits drooped at the news.
那消息使他情绪低落。
[课文原句]：
Summer
Sleepy, salty
Drying, drooping, dreading
Week in, week out
Endless
9. dread n. & v. 害怕；畏惧
e.g.He has always stood in dread of his father.
他一见到他父亲就害怕。
She has a dread of hospitals.
他害怕医院。
Poverty is many people’s constant dread.
人常怕受穷。
I dread that I may never see you again.
我很怕再也见不到你了。
We all dread to think what will happen if the factory closes.
假如工厂关闭可怎么办，我们想及此事都不寒而粟。
[课文原句]：
Summer
Sleepy, salty
Drying, drooping, dreading
Week in, week out
Endless
10. endless adj. 无穷的；无止境的
e.g.endless patience 无限的耐心
The hours of waiting seemed endless.
等候了很多小时，似乎无尽无休。
[课文原句]：
13. transform vi. & vt. 转化；转换；改造；变换
e.g.In the last 20 years Korea has been transformed into an advanced industrial power.
在过去的20年里，韩国已变成一个先进的工业强国。
派生词：transformation n. 改变
[课文原句]：Where she awaits her husband
On and on the river flows.
Never looking back,
Transformed into stone.
Day by day upon the mountain top,
Wind and rain revolve.
Should the journeyer return,
this stone would utter speech.
14. appropriate adj. 适当的；正当的
e.g.Sports clothes are not appropriate for a formal wedding.
运动服用于正式婚礼中是不适当的。
His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion.
他郑重其事的讲话方式适合于那个场合。
You will be informed of the details at the appropriate time.
在适当的时候将把详情告诉你。
[课文原句]：Match the beginning of each sentence with the appropriate ending.
15. load n. & v. 负担；负荷物（尤指沉重的）；大量，许多；装载
e.g.a load of sand 运载的一批沙子
a heavy load of guilt 沉重的负疚感
loads of friends, money, time 很多朋友、金钱、时间
We are still loading.
我们仍在装货。
[课文原句]：Slowly the moon climbs in the sky,
Slowly the black-tailed bird lets out a cry.
Slowly the dog crosses the road.
Slowly the old man carries his load.
1. nursery rhyme 童谣
[课文原句]：Some of the first poetry written in English were nursery rhymes.
2. take it easy 轻松；不紧张；从容
e.g.Take it easy. Everything will come out all right.
别紧张，一切事情都会顺利的。
Take it easy when you are on the stage.
上台时不要紧张。
[课文原句]：…if we hadn’t stayed up so late the night before,
if we hadn’t taken it easy,
if we hadn’t run out of energy…
3. run out of 用完
e.g.If he has run out of rice, he goes to the paddy-store.
如果米吃完了，他就去粮店。
We are running out of water.
我们的水快用完了。
[课文原句]：…if we hadn’t stayed up so late the night before,
if we hadn’t taken it easy,
if we hadn’t run out of energy…
4. make up of（多用于被动结构）构成
e.g.Our class is made up of thirty students.
我们班由三十个人组成。
[课文原句]：Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a poem made up of five lines.
1．They delight small children because they have strong rhythm and rhyme and have a lot of repetition.
[译文]这些童谣能使小孩子们快乐，因为它们节奏感强、又押韵，而且重复多遍。
repetition是repeat一词的名词形式。英语中的有些抽象名词来自动词，是在动词上加一个后缀，常见的名词后缀有：-ition, -ance, -al, -tion, -ment等。
expose-exposition 暴露 add-addition 附加
appear-appearance 出现 resist-resistance 抵抗
arrive-arrival 到达 refuse-refusal 拒绝
create-creation 创造 explain-explanation 解释
agree-agreement 同意 argue-argument 辩论
2．I saw a house bow to a squire.
[译文]我看到房子向地主哈腰。
squire旧时英国乡村的大地主，乡绅。
bow to sb 向某人鞠躬；屈服于。
e.g.He bowed to the queen.
他向女皇鞠躬。
I’m not at all happy about it, but I think I’ll have to bow to the inevitable.
我对此事很不高兴，但我想我只有听天由命。
3．We would have won if Jack had scored that goal.
[译文]如果杰克踢进了那个球，我们就会得冠了。
本句用的是虚拟语气过去式，即假设一个与过去事实相反的条件。在条件句里用过去完成式，在主句里用过去将来完成式。
e.g.If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone for a picnic.
如果昨天天气好的话，我们就去野餐了。(事实是昨天天气很坏。)
If I had known his address, I would have written to him.
我要是知道他的地址，就给他写信了。(事实是我不知道他的地址。)
4．本文中提到的几种诗歌形式：
cinquain五行诗。
haiku俳句。一种日本抒情诗，由三句分别有五、七、五个音节的不压韵诗行构成，通常吟诵自然或四季风光。
Tang poetry唐诗。唐诗标志着中国古典诗歌成就的高峰。仅《全唐诗》收录的作品已达48,900多首，有姓名可考的作者2,200多人。在名家辈出、名作如林的诗坛上，更出现了李白、杜甫、白居易等有世界影响的伟大诗人。唐诗创作繁荣，流派众从，题材风格丰富多样，是中国古典诗歌完全成熟的发展阶段。
5．Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables.
[译文]俳句诗是一种日本诗，它由17个音节组成。
syllable音节。音节通常由一个元音、双元音或一个或几个辅音构成。
6．This Tang poem is a translation from the Chinese.
[译文]这首唐诗就是从汉语翻译过来的。
望夫石 王建
望夫处，江悠悠，
化为石，不回头！
山头日日风复雨，
行人归来石应语。
Wang Jian王建(768—830？)颍川(现河南省许昌市)人。中过进士，做过官司，后来又随军到过西北边疆。晚年无妻无子，生活凄苦。他的诗有很多都是反映社会生活和人民疾苦的。著名的诗有《水夫谣》、《精卫词》、《望夫石》、《雨过山村》等。
7． There are various reasons why people write poetry.
[译文]人们为什么会写诗，有很多原因。
在定语从句中如果先行词是reason(s)时，引导词必须是why。
e.g.This is the reason why he is late again.
这就是他为什么又迟到的原因。
使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点：
1．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如：
If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four year’s time.
2．if省略句
在条件句中可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。如：
If I were at school again, I would study harder.
→Were I at school again, I would study harder.
If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
→Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。如：我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now. 但不能说：Weren’t it for the expense, I would go abroad now.
3．用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with, without, but for。如：
What would you do with a million dollars?(=if you had a million dollars)
We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(=if we hadn’t got your help)
But for the rain (=If it hadn’t been for the rain.), we would have finished the work.
4．含蓄条件句
有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句。
I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meet.(副词)
He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.(连词)
A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.(定语从句)
I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.(连词)
Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.(独立主格结构)
（二）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用
1．用于宾语从句中
(1)用于wish后面的宾语从句中
wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为：
如：
I wish (that) I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky.
I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
How I wish it weren’t raining now.
(2)用于表示建议、愿望、命令等词后的宾语从句中，常见的动词有：demand, order, require, insist, suggest, propose, advise等。
宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。如：
He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.
The doctor ordered that the patient (should) be sent to hospital without delay.
They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.
注意：当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意时，不用虚拟语气，应用陈述语气。如：
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
当insist表示“坚持认为”之意时，不用虚拟语气，应用陈述句气。如：
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
(3)在would rather后的宾语从句中，也用虚拟语气，其构成为动词用过去式。如：
I would rather they didn’t hear of the news.
2．用于主语从句中
It is desired/ suggested/ proposed/ necessary/ important/ strange/ natural/ a pity+ that从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。如：
It is suggested that the meeting should be but off till next week.
It is strange that he should have acted toward his parents like that.
注意：以上句式也可以用于陈述语气。如：
It’s strange that he didn’t come yesterday.
It’s a pity that you can’t dance.
3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should+动词原形”。如：
My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.
We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sight-seeing.
（三）虚拟语气用在as if (as though), even if (even though)中
如果从句表示的动作指现在状况，则用过去时；
如果表示的动作发生在过去，则用过去完成时；
如果指将来的动作，则用过去将来时。如：
He looks as if he were an artist.
She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in America.
Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.
（四）虚拟语气用于定语从句中
It is (high) time (that)…句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或should+动词原形(其中should不能省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该……”，用来表示提议。
It is (high) time that you went to school.
It is (high) time that we should start out.
（五）用于if only引导的感叹句中
If only I were a flying bird!
=How I wish I were a flying bird!
If only I had seen the film！
=How I wish I had seen the film!
（六）在含有If it were not for或If it had not been for条件句的虚拟语气中
If it were not for the rain, the crops would die.
If it had not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
=But for your help,…
=Without your help, …
=Had it not been for your help…
（七）口语交际中，虚拟语气的省略情况
若是一般过去时只保留did, could, were等助动词、情态动词或系动词；
若是过去完成时只保留had；
若是过去将来时只保留would/ might。如：
—Have you found the answer to the question?
—I with I had.
I can’t go to Suzhou with you, but I wish I would.
